Large-amplitude consumer-resource cycles allow for the evolution of ontogenetic niche shifts in consumer life history

In many size-structured populations individuals change resources during the course of their ontogenetic development. Different resources often require different adaptations to be effectively exploited. This leads to a trade-off between small and large individuals in direct developing species. Specialization on the resource used later in life turns out to be hardly possible in case of equilibrium dynamics. However, size- structured populations often exhibit population cycles. Non-equilibrium dynamics can change evolutionary behavior when compared with equilibrium dynamics. Here, we study the evolution of specialization on a secondary resource that is available only to large individuals, using the framework of adaptive dynamics. We show that in case of small-amplitude cycles, specialization on a secondary resource is hardly possible. Specialization will either decrease the resource intake of large individuals or severely increase competition among small individuals such that they cannot mature. Specialization on a secondary re- source is often possible in case the population exhibits large-amplitude cycles. Specialization in that case increases the resource intake of large individuals and therefore prevents starvation. While specialization on a secondary resource increases competition among small individuals, maturation is still possible in case of large-amplitude cycles. We furthermore show that there is ecological bistability where small- and large-amplitude cycles coexist, giving rise to evolutionary bistability.