Assumptions and properties of two-level nonparametric item response theory models

Nonparametric itemresponse theory (IRT) models consist of assumptions that restrict the joint item-score distribution. These assumptions imply stochastic ordering properties that allow ordering of respondents and items using the simple sum score and item mean score, respectively, and imply observable data properties that are useful for investigating model fit. In this paper, we investigate these properties for twolevel nonparametric IRT. We introduce four two-level nonparametric IRT models. Two models pertain to respondents nested in groups: The MHM-1, useful for ordering respondents and groups, and the DMM-1, useful for ordering respondents, groups, and items. Two models pertain to groups rated by multiple respondents: The MHM-2, useful for ordering groups, and the DMM-2, useful for ordering groups and items. We define the model assumptions, derive implied stochastic ordering properties, and derive observable data properties that are useful for model fit investigation. Relations between models and properties are also presented.