Liquid-liquid phase separation LLPS in biological systems

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a process that separates a single homogeneous liquid phase into two distinct phases. This phenomenon is common in biology and is crucial for cell organization and function. LLPS enables cells to segregate components efficiently without physical membranes, which is essential for cellular machinery and the evolution of life. This process underpins biochemical reactions and regulatory mechanisms in cells.
The thesis explores the phenomenon of LLPS in biological systems, highlighting its significance in the complexity of life. The research focuses on modeling phase separation in protein systems, taking into account factors such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and charge interactions. The findings underscore the intricacy of phase behavior and the influence of intramolecular modifications on protein phase separation. The study also examines the effect of external stimuli, such as temperature changes, on phase separation in proteins. This reveals insights into metastable protein states and their implications in biological processes, including stress granule formation related to neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it highlights the influence of the crowded cellular environment on protein phase separation. The research demonstrates that interactions between proteins and their environment are crucial, emphasizing the need to consider cellular complexities. Finally, this thesis examines the mechanical properties of biological structures resulting from phase separation, such as the nucleus and nucleolus. Insights into their viscoelastic nature contribute to the understanding of cell functioning. Overall, the thesis provides a nuanced view of LLPS in biological systems, underscoring its role in cellular organization, protein behavior, and the mechanics of biological structures, enhancing our understanding of life's dynamic processes.