Elemental Imaging of Forensic Traces with Macro- and Micro-XRF

In this chapter, the use of macro- and micro-XRF imaging of forensic micro-traces is discussed. The opportunities of the unique elemental contrast offered by XRF will be demonstrated for important forensic trace evidence material including Gun Shot Residues or GSR, traces of human biological fluids such as blood, sperm, saliva and urine, and stains of personal care products and cosmetics. The possibility of detecting and visualizing concealed forensic stains in a virtually noninvasive manner by exploiting X-ray surface penetration will be illustrated. This chapter will conclude with an outlook on future trends with respect to the use of XRF imaging in forensic and crime scene investigations. The chapter has not been written as an extensive literature review as the aim of the authors is to provide the readers with new insights and ideas regarding the use of elemental imaging in forensic science.