Institutional design in Hungary: a case study of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive

The adoption of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) and its implementation in the EU Member States raised many academic and policy discussions on substantive issues such as the fairness notion, the substantive test of material distortion, as well as the concept of the average consumer. However, its influence on the Member States' enforcement regimes is equally far-reaching. This paper analyses on the one hand, how EU law, i.e., the UCPD, affected the traditional enforcement models of the Member States and on the other hand, how the allocation of enforcement powers to institutions who enforce the UCPD and the organizational design of these enforcement institutions influence the actual enforcement of EU law in the national legal context. This paper conducts a case study on Hungarian law and examines how Europeanization of unfair commercial practices has changed the Hungarian model of law enforcement. The paper finds that the changes in the Hungarian institutional framework had significant impact on how substantive rules are applied by the various enforcement agencies due to their different enforcement legacies. This case study shows that looking at institutional design provides a deeper understanding of local enforcement modalities, and it offers new insights for Europeanization strategies.