Syringe irrigation: blending endodontics and fluid dynamics

Syringe irrigation remains a widely used irrigant delivery method during root canal treatment. An interdisciplinary approach involving well-established methods from the field of fluid dynamics can provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system by this method. In addition to the equipment used clinically (syringes and needles), this chapter will also discuss the physical properties of commonly used irrigants, the flow developed inside the root canal system, irrigant refreshment, forces applied on the root canal wall, entrapment and removal of air bubbles, and the anatomical challenges faced by syringe irrigation. Essential background knowledge on fluid dynamics will also be provided.