Adapting to fatherhood A qualitative study into resilience resources

Aims/background:
From pregnancy onwards, the transition to fatherhood is a challenging major life event. An imbalance between personal stressors and protective factors is associated with paternal mental health problems. Resilience can protect against developing such problems and support this transition. Resilience resources are multidimensional at intra-individual, interpersonal and, societal levels. We know little about the resilience resources of first-time fathers. This study aimed to explore which factors fathers experience as resilience resources potentially mitigating the influence of stressors during the transition to fatherhood.

Design/methods:
This qualitative study was conducted in the Netherlands and included 13 first-time fathers (aged 27–44 years) who were interviewed between 2 and 12 months postpartum. Participants were recruited via a longitudinal cohort study and social media. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop (sub)themes. 

Results:
Three main themes were revealed: ‘Internal resilience’, ‘External resilience’, and ‘Journey through pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum’. Internal resilience stemmed from self-care practices, e.g., physical activity. External resilience is promoted by an equitable division of parental tasks and navigating career influences. Witnessing the child's development fosters positive emotional well-being and reflects paternal love. During the journey through pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, fathers emphasized needs for practical information supporting their transition. Based on this, the overarching theme ‘Regaining balance’ was developed. 

Conclusion:
This study provides insight into the resilience resources of first-time fathers during the transition to fatherhood. The results revealed multidimensional resilience resources, spanning from (bio)psychosocial factors to interpersonal dynamics (e.g., father-child interactions), and socio-ecological resources (e.g., maternity care). Our study emphasizes the need to optimize antenatal care information and guidance to better facilitate transitioning to fatherhood and regaining paternal balance.