L'apparence en droit civil: le mandat et ses développements récents aux Pays-Bas

In principle unauthorized representation by an intermediary has no legal effect and does not bind the principal. The question rises if under certain circumstances legal effects should be granted to a situation where the representative exceeds the limits of his powers, thus causing a situation contrary to reality. No, one would say at first sight. These acts do not engage the principal because the consent is lacking. Yes, case law sometimes decides, with the aim of ensuring the security of transactions and the protection of bona fide third parties, deceived by an appearance that conceals reality.