Mapping degradation pathways of natural and synthetic dyes with LC-MS: Influence of solvent on degradation mechanisms

To help conserve the vast array of (combinations of) dyestuffs and pigments encountered in cultural-heritage objects and application materials, a rapid and convenient method for dye-degradation research is required. In-solution degradation studies of dyes in a strong solvent, such as the commonly used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), are potentially of interest, in addition to studies involving other solvents, such as water. The degradation of eosin and carminic acid under the influence of light was investigated in two solvents, i.e. in a mixture of DMSO and acetonitrile and in pure water. A liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for analysis of the degraded samples and identification of the individual components. The presence of DMSO generally facilitated faster degradation, which, in combination with its universal solvating properties are advantageous. However, different products were formed in the presence of DMSO. Degradation pathways for eosin and carminic acid in these solvents are proposed.