Exploring the chemical interactions of lead(II) oxide and linseed oil in historical and model paint systems using laboratory and safe synchrotron radiation analysis

This thesis investigates the chemical and physical interactions between PbO and oil in historical and model paint systems, using a combination of laboratory and synchrotron-based techniques. It explores the formation of lead-based products detected in historical oil paintings, such as lead formate in Rembrandt’s Night Watch and rare lead carbonates in Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa and Last Supper. The chemical formation pathways and spatial distribution of these unusual lead-based products are further examined through analyses of PbO and oil model systems. Finally, a new validated protocol is introduced to assess and mitigate X-ray beam-induced alterations on mock-up paints, enabling safer analysis of precious historical micro-fragments.