Hidden structures of knot invariants

In the present thesis we consider polynomial knot invariants and their properties. We discuss a connection of HOMFLY polynomials with Hurwitz covers and represent a generating function for the HOMFLY polynomial of a given knot in all representations as Hurwitz partition function, i.e. the dependence of the HOMFLY polynomials on representation R is naturally captured by symmetric group characters (cut-and-join eigenvalues). The genus expansion and the loop expansion through Vassiliev invariants explicitly demonstrate this phenomenon. We study the genus expansion (also known as the large N expansion) and discuss its properties. Then we also consider the loop expansion in details. In particular, we give an algorithm to calculate Vassiliev invariants, give some examples and discuss relations among Vassiliev invariants. Next we consider superpolynomials for torus knots defined via double affine Hecke algebra. We claim that the superpolynomials are not functions of Hurwitz type: symmetric group characters do not provide an adequate linear basis for their expansions. Deformation to superpolynomials is, however, straightforward in the multiplicative basis: the Casimir operators are beta-deformed to Hamiltonians of the Calogero-Moser-Sutherland system. Applying this trick to the genus and Vassiliev expansions, we observe that the deformation is fully straightforward only for the thin knots. Beyond the family of thin knots additional algebraically independent terms appear in the Vassiliev expansions. This can suggest that the superpolynomials do in fact contain more information about knots than the colored HOMFLY and Kauffman polynomials.