Export Controls: A Scalable Set of Instruments to Counter Threats to National and Global Security in a Changing World

Export controls aim to regulate international trade in strategic items with specific end-users and states of concern. These controls include tools such as economic and other sanctions, as well as general export restrictions and foreign direct investment screening. An analysis of contemporary developments and practice – focusing on actions taken in response to the rising tension between the United States and China, as well as the conflict between Ukraine and Russia – highlights that these tools provide states and international organisations with a scalable system to counter threats to national and global security and to help restore stability in international relations.