Personal institutions, political lives Diversity without inclusion in Dutch politics

Dutch politics is gradually becoming more diverse, with recent historic milestones such as the first transgender MP, the first MP wearing a hijab, and the first Black woman party leader. However, these ‘firsts’ enter deeply patriarchal parliamentary cultures, facing challenges that go beyond getting elected. While much attention is given to achieving diversity in representation, less attention is focused on retention and inclusion.
This thesis explores how non-normative politicians—women and those with a migration background—navigate Dutch politics and stay in office. Using the concept of the ‘political lifecycle’ it examines their journey in politics, including their exit.
The thesis shows how maiden speeches serve as platforms for politicians with a migration background to express their identities and challenge stereotypes. However, media coverage tends to highlight their differences rather than their political ideologies, reinforcing their outsider status. Challenges persist throughout the careers of non-normative politicians. Women politicians struggle with gendered working conditions and work-life balance, leading them to exit politics. While politicians with a migration background leave office less often than their counterparts without a migration background, women in this group face slightly higher attrition rates than men, showing the dynamic nature of intersectional (dis)advantages.
Ultimately, this thesis calls for a shift from merely increasing diversity to ensuring long-term inclusion. Diverse and inclusive representation requires addressing structural barriers that hinder the political longevity of non-normative politicians.